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o pushing,

o pulling,

o destruction or theft of personal property, etc
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This form of bullying is the most direct/overt and is mostly linked to the

physical strength/superiority of the bully. Many times, it involves older students

bullying younger ones. Both girls and boys are victims of this form of bullying.

● Verbal

- threatening,

- use of abusive and derisive expressions,
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- name-calling and use of rude comments,

- use of irony, sarcasm, teasing intended to hurt, etc.

Indirect/Relational bullying

In indirect/relational bullying, the victim is harmed by “purposeful

manipulation or damage to peer relationships” (Crick, 1996).

Indirect/relational bullying may lack physical evidence and therefore, can be
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overlooked by teachers, parents or peers, which in turn, can lead to serious

consequences (Ramasut & Papatheodorou, 1994). In fact, indirect/relational forms of

bullying are incorrectly considered by many, including teachers, as less serious or

harmful. On many occasions, they are derisively categorized as standard female

behavior, and hence dismissed as “normal” or unimportant. However,

indirect/relational bullying is found to cause a lot of emotional suffering to the victims

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and it is closely linked to victims’ future social and psychological adjustment issues,
along with depression (Bauman & Rio, 2006).

● Emotional

- threats, blackmail, spreading of malicious and false rumors, insults

regarding race, nationality, religion, sexuality, social isolation,

- exerting pressure, so that the victims do something against their will, etc.

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