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attest to the complexity of the subject. Some of them are
presented below:
● Olweus (1973) defines bullying or victimization as follows: “A student is being
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bullied or victimized when he or she is exposed, repeatedly and over time, to
negative actions on the part of one or more other students. It is a negative action
when someone intentionally inflicts, or attempts to inflict, injury or discomfort
upon another—basically what is implied in the definition of aggressive
behavior”.
● Dawkins (1995) Suggests that the “concepts of school bullying and violence can
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be understood as a field of "antisocial" behavior at school and as forms of
abuse”.
● Smith, Schneider, Smith, & Ananiadou (2004) have defined school bullying "as
a particular hostile form of aggressive behavior that is characterized by
repetitive acts against weaker victims who cannot defend themselves."
● Robert (2006) Defines school-bullying as “a combination of verbal and physical
assault and abuse by a perpetrator (bully) on a target (victim). In addition,
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school-bullying is defined as the realization of intentional, repetitive, harmful
actions, or words, or other behaviors, such as swearing, threats, committed by
a child or group of children against another child or group of children”.
● Volk, Dane, & Marini (2014) propose a revised definition of school-bullying,
which defines three main characteristics:
o targeted behavior,
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o power imbalance and
o causing harm to victims.
Consequently, the notion of repetition is omitted and the element of goal-
oriented and not just intentional hostile energy is emphasized, thus declaring the close
interconnection of the phenomenon with proactive rather than reactive behaviour.
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